Logos

REALIZATIONrlz.eng.aktionsart

aktionsart in English

English marks no verb for the inherent temporal shape of the event it names; the classes exist and are visible only in what other marking refuses to combine with.

No English verb carries an affix, a particle or a paradigm slot stating whether the event it names holds without change, unfolds through effort, or reaches a natural endpoint. The distinction between knowing, running and arriving is a fact about what those three words mean, and nothing in the morphology of the language registers it.

One candidate comes close enough to be worth naming and then refusing. The progressive is unavailable to a stative reading, so a speaker says knows rather than the progressive form of the same verb, while running takes the progressive freely. That restriction is real, it is grammatical rather than stylistic, and it is the sharpest test the language offers for the class boundary. It is still not a marking of the dimension. The progressive marks aspect, and a stative verb is not marked as stative by being refused it: the class is inferred from the refusal, which is diagnosis rather than exponence. A dimension is realized when the language puts something into a form to say which value holds, and here the language puts in nothing.

The same is true of the second candidate. A verb naming an event with an endpoint accepts a bounded duration phrase and rejects an open one, and the reverse holds for a verb naming an unbounded activity. That is a selectional fact about a phrase the verb takes, not a shape the verb takes. Both tests read the class off behaviour, and the absence recorded here is an assertion that no form encodes it, not a claim that the classes do not exist.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
unstatednobody has said whether it follows from anything
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
None recorded.
sourcessources
An empty list, which is an assertion: this rests on nothing external, and somebody checked. It is not the same as nobody having looked.

What this language does about this category

realization.state

One of five states, or the eleventh cell: nobody has recorded a state, which is not a claim that the language lacks the distinction.

statestate
absent, documented: the language does not encode this. Somebody looked and asserted itabsent
obligatorinessobligatoriness
Not applicable. The state is absent, so there is no marking to be obligatory or optional (03-schema.md §6.2).

The realizers

realization.via

Every via edge: this realizer, this way. An explicit or periphrastic state is a summary of this list, recomputed on every build and never authored.

No realizer. For an absent or void state that is required rather than missing: those states have zero via edges by design (03-schema.md §6.1).

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

has-a

edges.has-a

the parent carries this

this object carries

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by