Logos

REALIZATIONrlz.spa-ar.politeness

politeness in Rioplatense Spanish

Rioplatense Spanish encodes the speaker to addressee relation in the choice between vos and usted, each carrying its own agreement, with no status neutral singular available.

Rioplatense Spanish grammaticalises one of the four axes the dimension names, the one relating the speaker to the addressee, and grammaticalises none of the other three. A single addressee is either vos, which is familiar and takes agreement of its own, as in vos tenés, or usted, which is deferential and takes the agreement of the set referring to neither speaker nor addressee, as in usted tiene. No status neutral singular exists, so any singular address commits the speaker to one of the two, which is what the obligatory value records. The contrast collapses in the plural, where ustedes covers both readings and the variety has no second form, so more than one addressee carries no politeness value at all. Nothing in the language marks respect toward a referent who is not the addressee, nothing marks the presence of a bystander who is not being addressed, and the difference between a formal and a colloquial register is carried by the choice of words rather than by grammar.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
unstatednobody has said whether it follows from anything
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
None recorded.
sourcessources
  • SOURCENueva gramática de la lengua española (2009)src.nueva-gramaticano page in v1
  • SOURCEA New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt and Benjamin)src.butt-benjaminno page in v1

What this language does about this category

realization.state

One of five states, or the eleventh cell: nobody has recorded a state, which is not a claim that the language lacks the distinction.

statestate
explicit, documented: marked in the word itselfexplicit
obligatorinessobligatoriness
obligatorymarked wherever it applies

The realizers

realization.via

Every via edge: this realizer, this way. An explicit or periphrastic state is a summary of this list, recomputed on every build and never authored.

  • FORMustedfrm.spa.usted
    exponencevia.payload.exponence
    cumulativeone exponent carries this and other categories at once
    mediumvia.payload.medium
    both
    positionvia.payload.position
    the stressed subject pronoun of the deferential value, taking the agreement of the set referring to neither speaker nor addressee
  • FORMvosfrm.spa.vos
    exponencevia.payload.exponence
    cumulativeone exponent carries this and other categories at once
    mediumvia.payload.medium
    both
    positionvia.payload.position
    the stressed subject pronoun of the familiar value, taking verb agreement no other pronoun takes

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

has-a

edges.has-a

the parent carries this

this object carries

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by