Logos

FORMfrm.spa.canto-tilde

cantó

The third person singular preterite of the regular first conjugation example, carrying past tense and bounded aspect in one suffix.

The aspect record's headline case. A finite past verb is either this shape or its unbounded counterpart and there is no third option, so the language forces a choice a present tense form never forces. Because the suffix carries tense and aspect at once, the exponence is cumulative rather than separative, and the two dimensions cannot be read off separate pieces of the word.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
unstatednobody has said whether it follows from anything
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
  • spanishcantó
sourcessources
  • SOURCENueva gramática de la lengua española (2009)src.nueva-gramaticano page in v1
  • SOURCEA New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt and Benjamin)src.butt-benjaminno page in v1

The shape

form.shape

What this form looks like, how it attaches, and in which medium it was recorded.

surfacesurface
cantó
boundnessboundness
freeit stands on its own as a word
host sizehost_size
host size: not recorded. Nobody has written this yetnot recorded
mediummedium
bothrecorded in both writing and speech
zerozero
falsethis form has a surface

The paradigm cell

form.cell

Where this form sits in a paradigm. A form that sits in none carries no cell, which is a fact about the form and not a gap.

variantcell.variant_id
default
tensecell.tense
preterite
personcell.person
el
polaritycell.polarity
polarity: not recorded. Nobody has written this yetnot recorded

The paradigm of cantar

Five person slots, not six. There is no tú row and no vosotros row: the dialect target is rioplatense-or-neutral, so the second person singular is vos, and widening the set is a type error rather than an editorial choice. Paradigm variant: the ordinary paradigm.

40 cells across 8 rows: 7 with a form, 0 disputed, 0 asserted gaps, 33 not written yet. The last two are opposite facts and never share a mark.
tenseyovoselnosotrosustedes
presentindicativeunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtencantáscantaunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot written
imperfectindicativeunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtencantabaunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot written
preteriteindicativeunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtencantóunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot written
futureindicativeunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtencantaráunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot written
conditionalindicativeunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot written
presentsubjunctiveunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtencanteunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot written
imperfectsubjunctiveunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot written
imperativeimperativeunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtencantáunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot written
  • gap: this form does not exist. Somebody looked and asserted the holeno such formthe form does not exist. Somebody looked and asserted the hole, the way soler has no preterite.
  • unwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtennobody has written this cell yet. A fact about our coverage, not about the language, and the opposite claim to the one above.
  • CSthe stem changes, or does not, in this one cell. A per-cell mark and never a painted region: on five slots, with vos never diphthongizing, a stem-changing verb alternates C S C S C and there is no contiguous block to paint.

Confusable with

form.confusable

Objects a reader is likely to mix up with this one, and the difference that separates them. The edge is symmetric and stored once, so this renders on both objects' pages from the one statement.

  • FORMcantabafrm.spa.cantabadocumented

    what tells them apartBoth shapes place an event before the moment of speaking and they differ in aspect: this one presents the event as bounded and complete, the other as open and ongoing. One suffix carries tense and aspect together in each, which is why no aspectually neutral past exists.

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.
  • FORMcantófrm.spa.canto-tildeFORM

    The third person singular preterite of the regular first conjugation example, carrying past tense and bounded aspect in one suffix.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.
  • FORMcantófrm.spa.canto-tildeFORM

    The third person singular preterite of the regular first conjugation example, carrying past tense and bounded aspect in one suffix.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

has-a

edges.has-a

the parent carries this

this object carries

via

edges.via

this realizer, this way

this object realizes

form-of

edges.form-of

this shape belongs to this word

this shape belongs to

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by