Logos

FUNCTIONfun.spa.complemento-indirecto

complemento indirecto

The clause role naming the participant an event is directed at or affects, introduced by the marker a without exception and commonly doubled by an unstressed pronoun that marks number alone.

The indirect object names a participant the event reaches without being about, and it is the role the language marks most consistently, since the marker a stands before it always rather than under a condition. Its second property is doubling: the unstressed pronoun that carries the role is very often present alongside the full phrase in the same clause, so the role is expressed twice, and with a phrase placed before the verb the doubling is required rather than optional. The set of unstressed pronouns that carries it marks number and not gender, which is one of the two tests that separate this role from the direct object. The role is wider than the notion of a recipient suggests. It covers the participant something is taken from as well as the one something is given to, and it covers a participant merely affected by an event that no one directed at anyone, which is the reading behind the pattern where a pronoun of this set is added to a clause to say who the event happened to.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
unstatednobody has said whether it follows from anything
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
  • metalanguageindirect object
  • spanishobjeto indirecto
sourcessources
  • SOURCENueva gramática de la lengua española (2009)src.nueva-gramaticano page in v1
  • SOURCEA New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt and Benjamin)src.butt-benjaminno page in v1

The level it operates at

function.level

A function is a role something plays. This is the size of the thing whose structure supplies the role.

levellevel
clauseit is a role inside a clause, filled by a phrase

Confusable with

function.confusable

Objects a reader is likely to mix up with this one, and the difference that separates them. The edge is symmetric and stored once, so this renders on both objects' pages from the one statement.

  • FUNCTIONcomplemento directofun.spa.complemento-directodocumented

    what tells them apartBoth roles can appear under the marker a, so the marker does not tell them apart. Two things do. The unstressed pronoun that takes up this role marks gender and the one that takes up the other marks only number, and only this role becomes the subject when the clause is recast so that the acting participant is demoted. The pronoun test fails in the varieties that use the number marking form for a masculine animate participant in this role, and in those varieties the recasting test is the one that still separates them.

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

has-a

edges.has-a

the parent carries this

this object carries

selects

edges.selects

the parent requires this elsewhere

this object requires, elsewhere

  • CLASSpreposicióncls.spa.preposiciondocumented
    • conditionA full phrase in this role is introduced by the marker a in every instance, with no condition attached, which is the point of contrast with the direct object, where the same marker is conditioned by what the phrase names.

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by