Logos

FUNCTIONfun.spa.complemento-directo

complemento directo

The clause role a transitive verb requires, taken up by an unstressed pronoun that marks gender and number, and preceded by the marker a when what it names is animate and specific.

The direct object is the role a verb requires beyond its subject in order to be complete. Two properties identify it and neither is about meaning. The phrase in this role is taken up by an unstressed pronoun drawn from the set that marks gender as well as number, and the phrase in this role becomes the subject when the clause is recast so that the acting participant is no longer the subject. The marker a in front of the phrase looks like a preposition and is not doing a preposition's work: it introduces no circumstance, it is fixed rather than chosen, and it appears or fails to appear according to what the phrase names rather than according to the verb. It stands when what the phrase names is animate and specific, and it is absent when either of those fails, which is why one and the same verb takes it before a named person and refuses it before an unspecified member of a profession. That the marker is conditioned by two properties at once is the fact that makes the role hard to state in a rule and easy to state in a pair of conditions.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
unstatednobody has said whether it follows from anything
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
  • metalanguagedirect object
  • spanishobjeto directo
sourcessources
  • SOURCENueva gramática de la lengua española (2009)src.nueva-gramaticano page in v1
  • SOURCEA New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt and Benjamin)src.butt-benjaminno page in v1

The level it operates at

function.level

A function is a role something plays. This is the size of the thing whose structure supplies the role.

levellevel
clauseit is a role inside a clause, filled by a phrase

Confusable with

function.confusable

Objects a reader is likely to mix up with this one, and the difference that separates them. The edge is symmetric and stored once, so this renders on both objects' pages from the one statement.

  • FUNCTIONcomplemento indirectofun.spa.complemento-indirectodocumented

    what tells them apartBoth roles can appear under the marker a, so the marker does not tell them apart. Two things do. The unstressed pronoun that takes up this role marks gender and the one that takes up the other marks only number, and only this role becomes the subject when the clause is recast so that the acting participant is demoted. The pronoun test fails in the varieties that use the number marking form for a masculine animate participant in this role, and in those varieties the recasting test is the one that still separates them.

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

has-a

edges.has-a

the parent carries this

this object carries

selects

edges.selects

the parent requires this elsewhere

this object requires, elsewhere

  • CLASSpreposicióncls.spa.preposiciondocumented
    • conditionA full phrase in this role is preceded by the marker a when what it names is both animate and specific, and by nothing when either condition fails. The marker is a preposition by its shape and not by its work here, since it introduces no circumstance and can be replaced by no other preposition.

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by