Logos

Words / cls.spa.verbo

ser

Identity

Lemma
ser
Part of speech
cls.spa.verboread off the URL segment (in turn parsed from the LEXEME id by lib/routes.ts’s posAndLemmaOf), because Lexeme carries no pos field yet (LAN-217/LAN-274). This route is built to prefer node.data.pos as the field once that migration lands; until then, the id is the only source and this line says so rather than hiding it.
Frequency rank
frequency rank: not recorded. Nobody has written this yetnot recorded
Gloss
The copula filing a subject under a category, built from three unrelated roots and the most irregular verb in the language.

The paradigm is assembled from three historically separate roots and no rule connects one part of it to another, which is the limiting case of stem irregularity the suppletive class names. It is also the auxiliary of the multi word passive frame the voice record describes, and it is one half of a copula pair whose division of labour is one of the most discussed facts in the language: this verb files a subject under a category and the other reads a condition off it. One of its finite shapes belongs equally to the paradigm of the verb of motion, so the relation between a shape and a word is not a function in either direction.

Sourced from:

  • Nueva gramática de la lengua española (2009)grammarentryno public licenceretrieved 2026-08-04by Real Academia Española and Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española
  • A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt and Benjamin)grammarentryno public licenceretrieved 2026-08-04by John Butt and Carmen Benjamin

Paradigm

The paradigm of ser

Five person slots, not six. There is no tú row and no vosotros row: the dialect target is rioplatense-or-neutral, so the second person singular is vos, and widening the set is a type error rather than an editorial choice. Paradigm variant: the ordinary paradigm.

10 cells across 2 rows: 2 with a form, 0 disputed, 0 asserted gaps, 8 not written yet. The last two are opposite facts and never share a mark.
tenseyovoselnosotrosustedes
presentindicativeunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtensosunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot written
preteriteindicativeunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenfueunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtenunwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot written
  • gap: this form does not exist. Somebody looked and asserted the holeno such formthe form does not exist. Somebody looked and asserted the hole, the way soler has no preterite.
  • unwritten: nobody has written this cell yet. Not a claim about the languagenot writtennobody has written this cell yet. A fact about our coverage, not about the language, and the opposite claim to the one above.
  • CSthe stem changes, or does not, in this one cell. A per-cell mark and never a painted region: on five slots, with vos never diphthongizing, a stem-changing verb alternates C S C S C and there is no contiguous block to paint.

Class memberships

has-a edges to CLASS objects (06-surface.md §5.2) — the door back into the grammar. Subsumption (is-a) is not available here: it is same-type-only (A3), so a LEXEME cannot is-a a CLASS.

Examples

Each example declares its dialect and tier, per 06-surface.md §5.2 (“the interface ranks and labels rather than silently mixing registers”).

No examples are recorded for this lexeme (Lexeme.examples is optional; absent key = unstated, per lib/schema/nodes.ts’s own note — never a stub sentence invented to fill the section).

Where the grammar discusses this word

05-vocabulary.md §10.9’s own requirement: “a vocab entry links back to the grammar.” has-a edges to CATEGORY and inbound selects edges, both real graph edges rather than a generated cross-reference.

No CATEGORY membership or selects edge is recorded for this lexeme.