Logos

CONSTRUCTIONcon.spa.imperativa

oración imperativa

A clause directing the person addressed to bring an event about, using a dedicated verb form when affirmative and a borrowed one when negative.

The construction is the one place in the grammar where polarity changes the form of the verb rather than adding a word to the clause: the affirmative uses a dedicated paradigm and the negative borrows the subjunctive, and there is no negative form of the dedicated paradigm at all. Clitic placement follows the same split, attaching after the verb and written joined to it in the affirmative and before it in the negative, which is why the record is marked irreducible and names the placement rule it contradicts. In the River Plate region the affirmative second person singular form is the one belonging to the pronoun vos, stressed on the ending and without the vowel change the peninsular form shows, and the negative borrows the matching subjunctive.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
irreducibleit follows from nothing: an arbitrary fact of the language
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
  • metalanguagedirective clause
sourcessources
  • SOURCENueva gramática de la lengua española (2009)src.nueva-gramaticano page in v1
  • SOURCEA New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt and Benjamin)src.butt-benjaminno page in v1

Why this is a construction at all

construction.admission

Goldberg's admission test: a template earns storage either by being unpredictable or by being frequent.

admissionadmission
unpredictableit is stored because its meaning does not follow from its parts

The slots

construction.slots

At least two, by the schema: fewer is not a multi-element template. Every filler is a link, never a name in prose.

  1. 0el verbo, en imperativo si es afirmativo y en subjuntivo si es negativolexically specified: only the fillers below may occupy it

    fillerslots[].filler
    functionslots[].fn
    FUNCTIONnúcleofun.spa.nucleo

  2. 1los clíticos, pospuestos y soldados si es afirmativo, antepuestos si es negativolexically specified: only the fillers below may occupy it

    fillerslots[].filler
    functionslots[].fn
    No function is assigned to this slot.

Slot template

2 slots: 2 constrained, 0 positional, 1 naming a grammatical function.

  1. el verbo, en imperativo si es afirmativo y en subjuntivo si es negativo
    constrained
    • verboclass

    names núcleo

  2. los clíticos, pospuestos y soldados si es afirmativo, antepuestos si es negativo
    constrained
    • pronombre átonoclass

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

has-a

edges.has-a

the parent carries this

this object carries

selects

edges.selects

the parent requires this elsewhere

this object requires, elsewhere

overrides

edges.overrides

declared arbitrariness (A7)

this object overrides

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by