Logos

CONSTRUCTIONcon.spa.pasiva-perifrastica

pasiva perifrástica

A two part predicate in which a copula carries the tense and a participle agreeing with the subject carries the meaning, so the participant acted on is what the verb agrees with.

The construction promotes the participant acted on to the position the finite verb agrees with, and demotes the participant acting to an optional phrase headed by por. The auxiliary is the same copula that heads the individual level attributive pattern, and the participle behaves as an adjective in that it copies the gender and number of the subject, which is what distinguishes this participle from the invariable one inside the compound perfect. Three things follow. The agent phrase is genuinely optional, so the construction is also the ordinary way of stating an event whose agent is unknown. Because the participle agrees, the construction cannot be built on a verb that supplies no affected participant. And because the auxiliary carries all the inflection, the pattern is available in every tense and mood the copula has.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
unstatednobody has said whether it follows from anything
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
  • metalanguageperiphrastic passive
sourcessources
  • SOURCENueva gramática de la lengua española (2009)src.nueva-gramaticano page in v1
  • SOURCEA New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt and Benjamin)src.butt-benjaminno page in v1

Why this is a construction at all

construction.admission

Goldberg's admission test: a template earns storage either by being unpredictable or by being frequent.

admissionadmission
unpredictableit is stored because its meaning does not follow from its parts

The slots

construction.slots

At least two, by the schema: fewer is not a multi-element template. Every filler is a link, never a name in prose.

  1. 0el participante afectado, que pasa a ser sujetopositional: this slot is a place in the string, not a lexical requirement

    fillerslots[].filler
    No filler is named. For a positional slot that is the correct reading; for a lexical one it is a gap.
    functionslots[].fn
    FUNCTIONsujetofun.spa.sujeto

  2. 1el auxiliar copulativo ser, finitolexically specified: only the fillers below may occupy it

    fillerslots[].filler
    functionslots[].fn
    No function is assigned to this slot.

  3. 2el participio, que concuerda en género y número con el sujetolexically specified: only the fillers below may occupy it

    fillerslots[].filler
    functionslots[].fn
    FUNCTIONnúcleofun.spa.nucleo

  4. 3el complemento agente, encabezado por la preposición porpositional: this slot is a place in the string, not a lexical requirement

    fillerslots[].filler
    No filler is named. For a positional slot that is the correct reading; for a lexical one it is a gap.
    functionslots[].fn
    FUNCTIONcomplemento agentefun.spa.complemento-agente

Slot template

4 slots: 2 constrained, 2 positional, 3 naming a grammatical function.

  1. el participante afectado, que pasa a ser sujeto
    positional

    no lexical filler — this slot marks a position only

    names sujeto

  2. el auxiliar copulativo ser, finito
    constrained
    • verbo auxiliarclass
  3. el participio, que concuerda en género y número con el sujeto
    constrained
    • verboclass

    names núcleo

  4. el complemento agente, encabezado por la preposición por
    positional

    no lexical filler — this slot marks a position only

    names complemento agente

Confusable with

construction.confusable

Objects a reader is likely to mix up with this one, and the difference that separates them. The edge is symmetric and stored once, so this renders on both objects' pages from the one statement.

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

has-a

edges.has-a

the parent carries this

this object carries

selects

edges.selects

the parent requires this elsewhere

this object requires, elsewhere

  • CLASSverbocls.spa.verbodocumented
    • conditionThe participle position admits only a verb whose meaning supplies a participant acted on; a verb of motion or of appearance has no such participant and is refused.

via

edges.via

this realizer, this way

this object realizes

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by