Logos

OPERATIONopr.spa.marcado-diferencial-de-objeto

marcado diferencial de objeto

The appearance of a preposition in front of a direct object when the object both denotes a living being and picks out a particular individual.

Two conditions are jointly required, and the operation is only worth stating if the residue says which condition each unmarked case fails. An animate object that refers to no particular individual fails on specificity. A specific object that is not animate fails on animacy. Recording only that both are unmarked would collapse two different facts into one and would leave a reader unable to predict a third case. The marker is a preposition that is otherwise a directional one, which is why the construction is easy to misread as an indirect object, and why the graph states the condition on the object rather than on the preposition. What the operation does not settle is the boundary of animacy, which is graded rather than binary in use, so the coverage figure counts combinations of two stated conditions and not sentences.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
unstatednobody has said whether it follows from anything
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
  • metalanguagedifferential object marking
sourcessources
An empty list, which is an assertion: this rests on nothing external, and somebody checked. It is not the same as nobody having looked.

What it does, and when it fires

operation.rule

The domain it works in, and the firing condition as a sentence. The checkable form of that condition is the selects group below.

domaindomain
syntacticit arranges or constrains words in a structure
triggertrigger

A direct object denotes an animate being and refers to a specific individual rather than to any member of a kind.

How much it covers

operation.coverage

How many cases the operation actually derives, out of how many it claims, and how that was counted.

derives 1 of 4enumerated

The three combinations in which at least one condition fails: an animate object that is not specific, a specific object that is not animate, and one that is neither. Each takes no preposition, and each fails on a named condition rather than on an unexplained exception, which is the part a bare list of unmarked cases throws away.

every case was counted

Confusable with

operation.confusable

Objects a reader is likely to mix up with this one, and the difference that separates them. The edge is symmetric and stored once, so this renders on both objects' pages from the one statement.

  • OPERATIONduplicación de clíticosopr.spa.duplicacion-de-cliticodocumented

    what tells them apartDoubling adds a pronoun that repeats the object's reference. Differential marking adds a preposition in front of the object itself. Both put an extra element with an object phrase, they are conditioned differently, and neither one implies the other.

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

selects

edges.selects

the parent requires this elsewhere

this object requires, elsewhere

applies-to

edges.applies-to

the operation's input

this operation applies to

via

edges.via

this realizer, this way

this object realizes

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by