Logos

CONSTRUCTIONcon.spa.atributiva-con-estar

oración atributiva con estar

A clause in which a copula links a subject to a condition it is in, read against how it has been or how it might be otherwise.

The construction reports the state the subject is in and reads it against a standard, which is usually how the same subject has been on other occasions. That comparative element is what explains the whole distribution: the copula is at home with participles, which name results, and it resists noun phrase attributes, which name categories. It shares an auxiliary with the progressive periphrasis and with the locative construction, and the three uses are related by the same historical development, the verb having begun as a verb of standing. The choice between the two copulas is systematic rather than a list of exceptions: where both are grammatical, one files the property and one reports it, and the difference in meaning is stable across the adjectives that admit both.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
unstatednobody has said whether it follows from anything
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
  • metalanguageattributive clause with estar
sourcessources
  • SOURCENueva gramática de la lengua española (2009)src.nueva-gramaticano page in v1
  • SOURCEA New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt and Benjamin)src.butt-benjaminno page in v1

Why this is a construction at all

construction.admission

Goldberg's admission test: a template earns storage either by being unpredictable or by being frequent.

admissionadmission
frequentit is stored because it recurs often enough to be learned whole

The slots

construction.slots

At least two, by the schema: fewer is not a multi-element template. Every filler is a link, never a name in prose.

  1. 0el sujetopositional: this slot is a place in the string, not a lexical requirement

    fillerslots[].filler
    No filler is named. For a positional slot that is the correct reading; for a lexical one it is a gap.
    functionslots[].fn
    FUNCTIONsujetofun.spa.sujeto

  2. 1la cópula estar, finitalexically specified: only the fillers below may occupy it

    fillerslots[].filler
    functionslots[].fn
    No function is assigned to this slot.

  3. 2el atributo, adjetivo o participio concordado con el sujetopositional: this slot is a place in the string, not a lexical requirement

    fillerslots[].filler
    No filler is named. For a positional slot that is the correct reading; for a lexical one it is a gap.
    functionslots[].fn
    FUNCTIONatributofun.spa.atributo

Slot template

3 slots: 1 constrained, 2 positional, 2 naming a grammatical function.

  1. el sujeto
    positional

    no lexical filler — this slot marks a position only

    names sujeto

  2. la cópula estar, finita
    constrained
    • verbo auxiliarclass
  3. el atributo, adjetivo o participio concordado con el sujeto
    positional

    no lexical filler — this slot marks a position only

    names atributo

Confusable with

construction.confusable

Objects a reader is likely to mix up with this one, and the difference that separates them. The edge is symmetric and stored once, so this renders on both objects' pages from the one statement.

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

has-a

edges.has-a

the parent carries this

this object carries

selects

edges.selects

the parent requires this elsewhere

this object requires, elsewhere

  • CLASSadjetivocls.spa.adjetivodocumented
    • conditionThe attribute position admits adjectives and participles but resists bare noun phrases, since a noun names a category and this copula does not classify.

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by