Logos

CONSTRUCTIONcon.spa.hendida-con-ser

oración hendida

A two part pattern that splits one clause in two so a copula can single out one phrase as the answer, the rest following in a relative clause.

The construction takes a clause and rebuilds it as two, so that a copula can carry one phrase into a position where nothing competes with it for attention. What is distinctive here against the corresponding pattern in other languages is the double agreement: the copula copies the person and number of the singled out phrase and also the tense of the verb inside the relative clause, so a past event forces a past copula. The relative element varies with what is singled out, being one shape for a person, another for a place and another for a time, and in several American varieties an invariable shape occurs in all of them. The construction is stored because the meaning it contributes, that one phrase and no other satisfies the description, is carried by the arrangement rather than by any word in it.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
unstatednobody has said whether it follows from anything
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
  • metalanguagecleft sentence
sourcessources
  • SOURCENueva gramática de la lengua española (2009)src.nueva-gramaticano page in v1
  • SOURCEA New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt and Benjamin)src.butt-benjaminno page in v1

Why this is a construction at all

construction.admission

Goldberg's admission test: a template earns storage either by being unpredictable or by being frequent.

admissionadmission
unpredictableit is stored because its meaning does not follow from its parts

The slots

construction.slots

At least two, by the schema: fewer is not a multi-element template. Every filler is a link, never a name in prose.

  1. 0la cópula ser, finita y concordada con el elemento focalizadolexically specified: only the fillers below may occupy it

    fillerslots[].filler
    functionslots[].fn
    No function is assigned to this slot.

  2. 1el elemento focalizadopositional: this slot is a place in the string, not a lexical requirement

    fillerslots[].filler
    No filler is named. For a positional slot that is the correct reading; for a lexical one it is a gap.
    functionslots[].fn
    FUNCTIONatributofun.spa.atributo

  3. 2el relativo que encabeza el resto de la oraciónlexically specified: only the fillers below may occupy it

    fillerslots[].filler
    functionslots[].fn
    No function is assigned to this slot.

  4. 3la cláusula de relativo, que aporta el resto de la predicaciónpositional: this slot is a place in the string, not a lexical requirement

    fillerslots[].filler
    No filler is named. For a positional slot that is the correct reading; for a lexical one it is a gap.
    functionslots[].fn
    FUNCTIONcomplemento del núcleofun.spa.complemento-del-nucleo

Slot template

4 slots: 2 constrained, 2 positional, 2 naming a grammatical function.

  1. la cópula ser, finita y concordada con el elemento focalizado
    constrained
    • verbo auxiliarclass
  2. el elemento focalizado
    positional

    no lexical filler — this slot marks a position only

    names atributo

  3. el relativo que encabeza el resto de la oración
    constrained
    • pronombreclass
  4. la cláusula de relativo, que aporta el resto de la predicación
    positional

    no lexical filler — this slot marks a position only

    names complemento del núcleo

Confusable with

construction.confusable

Objects a reader is likely to mix up with this one, and the difference that separates them. The edge is symmetric and stored once, so this renders on both objects' pages from the one statement.

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

has-a

edges.has-a

the parent carries this

this object carries

selects

edges.selects

the parent requires this elsewhere

this object requires, elsewhere

  • CLASSverbo auxiliarcls.spa.verbo-auxiliardocumented
    • conditionThe copula copies the tense of the verb inside the relative clause as well as the person of the singled out phrase, which is a double agreement no other construction imposes.

via

edges.via

this realizer, this way

this object realizes

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by