Logos

CONSTRUCTIONcon.spa.pseudohendida

oración pseudohendida

A pattern in which a free relative clause names what is being talked about and a copula equates it with the phrase that answers.

The construction states the question and the answer in that order, the free relative clause standing where a noun phrase would stand and the copula equating it with the phrase that satisfies it. Because the relative clause has no antecedent, the element heading it carries the whole restriction, and its shape therefore encodes whether a person, a thing, a place or a reason is being asked about. The order can be reversed, putting the answer first, and the reversed version is common in speech, which is one reason the pattern is authored as its own object rather than as a variant of the cleft: the two differ in what may be singled out as well as in order, and a whole verb phrase can be singled out here and not there.

statusstatus
documentedasserted, and the sources agree
provenanceprovenance
authoredwritten for Logos, from first principles
derivation statusderivation_status
unstatednobody has said whether it follows from anything
saliencesalience
No salience. Where no frequency source applies the object carries none, rather than a default or a guess (03-schema.md §3.5).
aliasesaliases
  • metalanguagepseudo cleft sentence
sourcessources
  • SOURCENueva gramática de la lengua española (2009)src.nueva-gramaticano page in v1
  • SOURCEA New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (Butt and Benjamin)src.butt-benjaminno page in v1

Why this is a construction at all

construction.admission

Goldberg's admission test: a template earns storage either by being unpredictable or by being frequent.

admissionadmission
unpredictableit is stored because its meaning does not follow from its parts

The slots

construction.slots

At least two, by the schema: fewer is not a multi-element template. Every filler is a link, never a name in prose.

  1. 0la cláusula de relativo libre, que plantea la preguntapositional: this slot is a place in the string, not a lexical requirement

    fillerslots[].filler
    No filler is named. For a positional slot that is the correct reading; for a lexical one it is a gap.
    functionslots[].fn
    FUNCTIONsujetofun.spa.sujeto

  2. 1la cópula ser, finitalexically specified: only the fillers below may occupy it

    fillerslots[].filler
    functionslots[].fn
    No function is assigned to this slot.

  3. 2el elemento focalizado, que respondepositional: this slot is a place in the string, not a lexical requirement

    fillerslots[].filler
    No filler is named. For a positional slot that is the correct reading; for a lexical one it is a gap.
    functionslots[].fn
    FUNCTIONatributofun.spa.atributo

Slot template

3 slots: 1 constrained, 2 positional, 2 naming a grammatical function.

  1. la cláusula de relativo libre, que plantea la pregunta
    positional

    no lexical filler — this slot marks a position only

    names sujeto

  2. la cópula ser, finita
    constrained
    • verbo auxiliarclass
  3. el elemento focalizado, que responde
    positional

    no lexical filler — this slot marks a position only

    names atributo

Confusable with

construction.confusable

Objects a reader is likely to mix up with this one, and the difference that separates them. The edge is symmetric and stored once, so this renders on both objects' pages from the one statement.

  • CONSTRUCTIONoración hendidacon.spa.hendida-con-serdocumented

    what tells them apartThe cleft puts the singled out phrase after the copula and the rest in a relative clause; the pseudo cleft puts the whole free relative first and the singled out phrase last.

Everything joined to this object

One group per typed edge, in both directions. A1b guarantees no object node is an orphan, so this is the whole navigation: an object with no edges would have failed the build rather than reached this page.

What this object is a kind of

Walking this object's own `is-a` edges: what it is a kind of. Several branches from one object are several classification axes, not competing supertypes.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

Fan-out per dimension

A4

One row per dimension, largest first. That is a display order, not a verdict: 03-schema.md declares no threshold above which fan-out is too much, so this reports the count and grades nothing.

  • case13 values
  • mood8 values
  • voice8 values
  • aspect7 values
  • aktionsart6 values
  • number6 values
  • person6 values
  • tense6 values
  • comparison4 values
  • evidentiality4 values
  • gender4 values
  • politeness4 values
  • valency4 values
  • animacy3 values
  • definiteness3 values
  • deixis3 values
  • finiteness2 values
  • information structure2 values
  • interrogativity2 values
  • polarity2 values
  • switch-reference2 values

What kinds of this object there are

Walking the `is-a` edges that point at this object: what kinds of it there are. An object reachable two ways is drawn in both places and is still one object.

objects
1
places drawn
1
multi-parent
None in this view. This subgraph happens to be a tree, which the explorer draws as one without assuming it is one.

Siblings are listed by name, then by id to break ties. That is a display choice made here and not an order the graph asserts.

has-a

edges.has-a

the parent carries this

this object carries

selects

edges.selects

the parent requires this elsewhere

this object requires, elsewhere

  • CLASSpronombrecls.spa.pronombredocumented
    • conditionThe free relative is headed by an element with no antecedent, and its shape varies with what is being singled out just as it does in the cleft.

via

edges.via

this realizer, this way

this object realizes

derives

edges.derives

the why-chain

derived by